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Design of Methodological Procedures for the Handling and Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air

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This article consists of identifying important elements of the transport process of dangerous goods in all modes of transport, in recognizing and warning about the differences between theory and practice and designing optimized methodological procedures used in this transport process. The methodological procedures should have importance during whole transport process, from the order, through the accepting and identification of the goods, the packing, handling to the actual transport of dangerous goods by air.

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LOGI – Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics

Vol. 9 No. 2 2018 DOI: 10.2478/logi-201 8-0016

NonCommercial-NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).

Design of Methodological Procedures for the Handling and Transport of

Dangerous Goods by Air

Peter Marienka1* , Juraj Jagelčák 1 and Lukáš Trnka 1

1University of Žilina, The Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications,

Department of Road and Urban Transport, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovak republic;

Email: peter.marienka@fpedas.uniza.sk, juraj.jagelcak@fpedas.uniza.sk, lukas.trnka@fpedas.uniza.sk

*Corresponding Author: Peter Marienka

Abstract: This article consists of identifying important elements of the transport process of

dangerous goods in all modes of transport, in recognizing and warning about the differences

between theory and practice and designing optimized methodological procedures used in this

transport process. The methodological procedures should have importance during whole transport

process, from the order, through the accepting and identification of the goods, the packing, handling

to the actual transport of dangerous goods by air.

Keywords: Aviation, dangerous goods, freight-forwarding, methodological procedures

1. Introduction

Air transport differs significantly from other modes of transport for its technology and transport

process. As the transport of persons and cargo is carried out in the airspace and not on the roads,

great importance is placed on safety before the transport itself. Air transport is different from other

modes of transport for its speed and overcome of large distances, particularly on an international

scale.

Very specific is the transport of dangerous goods, which is subject to a number of international

agreements, regulations and procedures that are different from other modes of transport and updated

in a more frequent period. Methodological procedures by which airlines, airport handling agents and

other employees are managed are currently fully developed by companies themselves, taking into

account all international agreements and regulations that need to be followed. In cooperation with

them, a proposal for a uniform methodological procedure covering all areas of the transport process

was carried out.

2. Data and Methods

Air carriers, operators and ground handling companies, consignors and freight-forwarders and their

employees generally manage identification, handling and transport of dangerous goods by internal

documents, manuals and methodological procedures that they designed according to international

conventions and agreements. In practice, these documents commonly refer to „Workbooks",

„Dangerous Goods Loading Plans", „Dangerous Goods Guide Books", or they include these

information in their „Ground Operations Manuals (GOM)", „Ground Handling Manuals (GHM)"

and other documents.

A few examples of methodological procedures used (for illustration):

• Menzies Aviation – „Dangerous Goods Categories 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 Workbooks"

• Austrian Airlines – „Aircraft Handling and Ramp Supervision – Self Study"

• NextJet – „Ground Operations Manual GOM"

• Titan Airways – „Ground Handling Manual GHM"

• DHL – „Lithium Battery Guidance"

• Swiss International AirLines – „Ground Operations Manual GOM"

• SAS – „Ground Operations Manual GOM"

• AirFrance – „Dangerous Goods Loading Plans"

In order to verify the differences between theory and practice, a customer test was carried out to

attempt to send a UN3480 – Li -ion battery LGABB41865 to a destination in Northern Ireland by

DHL, UPS and Slovak Post (Fig. 1). After learning about shipping and business conditions, it was

found that the Slovenská pošta has excluded any dangerous goods from international shipments

even if they are properly identified, marked and packed [1].

Fig. 1 Battery LGABB41865 (UN3480). Source: [1]

UPS and DHL companies require more detailed information about dangerous goods from the

customer. In the case of UN3480 and other UN-related batteries, there are also lithium battery

guides. In both cases, however, the transport was refused, respectively companies demanded a

personal audit. Physical persons cannot therefore submit a shipment containing dangerous goods

[2,3]. The test assumes that companies are guided by internal procedures, which they also follow.

Used methodological procedures contain several requirements and restrictions that need to be

followed. These are not uniformed.

In developing a proposal for a unified structure of methodological procedures, several

documents used in cooperation with several airlines were taken into account. This section should

include sufficient technical information to enable the experiments to be reproduced. In theoretical

papers comprising the computational analyses, technical details (methods, models applied or newly

developed) should be provided to enable the readers to reproduce the calculations.

3. Results

The aim is to propose a unified form of methodological procedures applicable to all companies

and organizations involved in the transport of dangerous goods. Since each handling company is

required to draw up the „AHM – Aicraft Handling Manual" and each airline „GHM – Ground

Handling Manual (or GOM)", it is appropriate that the parts of the documents relating to the

carriage of dangerous goods have a unified form. The proposed structure of unified methodological

procedures includes the following 10 key points:

1. Company information – A chapter containing information about organization, its structure,

form, contacts. It is advisable to inform about which legislation and international agreements are

used in the methodological procedures.

2. Responsibility and training – It is a need to define responsible persons, their duties and

areas of activity, to regularly train all the emplyees involved and to keep records about, to take into

account all new issues of documents governing the transport of dangerous goods.

3. Definitions – This chapter defines the basic terms, persons involved in the transport, terms

and definitions, abbreviations, codes, signs and marks.

4. Classification of dangerous goods and safety labels – IATA DGR precisely defines which

persons must know aspects relating to the classification of dangerous goods in air transport. The full

classification of dangerous goods should be supplemented by a simplified card for the fast

identification of dangerous goods (Table1).

Table 1 Excerpt from the dangerous goods classification card for methodological procedures.

Source: [4]

1.4B

1.4C

1.4D

1.4E

1.4G

1.4S

Fire with another

significant danger

2.2 – Non-

flammable non-

toxic gases

2.2 – Non-

flammable non-

toxic gases -

cryogenic

High pressure, very

low temperature

High pressure, toxic

inhalation

Only authorized

in CAO, min.

25metres

This chapter also includes the identification of hidden risks, which is also one of the training

aspects for all persons involved in the transport of dangerous goods by air („Recognition of

Undeclared Dangerous Goods" or „Hidden Dangerous Goods). Ordinary commercial items,

consumer goods, household personal items may be marked as potentially containing dangerous

substances. For example:

 Household chemicals;

 Household goods;

 Refrigerators;

 Tool kits and machines;

 Camping equipment;

 Medical instruments, supplies, vaccines and pharmaceuticals;

 And others.

5. Exlusions from the shipment – Any airline, ground handling operator or freight-forwarder

should in its methodological procedures define which classes, divisions or substances (named UN

number of substances and Packing Group) will not be transported or manipulated. Companies must

obey or tighten the provisions of the IATA DGR, based on their practices and experiences,

technology and philosophy of the company (Table 2).

Table 2 Excerpt from the Exclusion card. Source: [5]

All UN substances excluded from transportation.

RXB

RXC

RXD

RXE

RXG

REX

RXS

All UN substances excluded from transportation.

UN1972, UN1060, UN1978, UN2571, UN3358...

UN2201, UN1073, UN3220, UN1078, UN1009...

All UN substances excluded from transportation.

UN1294, UN1305, UN1114, UN1991, UN1202...

6. Dangerous Goods Identification – All persons involved in the transport of dangerous

goods, including packing and filling organizations, consignors and freight-forwarders, must be able

to identify the dangerous goods correctly. It is therefore recommended to provide detailed

explanations of the individual IATA DGR columns in the methodological procedures. It is also

appropriate to clarify other ADR, ADN, RID, IMDG Code and other documents (Fig.2).

7. Packaging – Proper packaging of a dangerous goods is one of the prerequisites that

organizations should control. Suggested structure of methodological procedures involves the

explanation of the labeling of approved UN packaging for dangerous goods (Fig. 3).

Fig. 2 List of Dangerous Goods according to IATA DGR. Source: [5]

8. Handling and loading – High requirements for the safety of air cargo transport require

proper and safe handling, loading and unloading. It is therefore appropriate to develope a „Loading

plan", a plan that would include all the information needed for handling, loading, fastening and

other handling operations. It is also possible to incorporate the specific requirements of air carriers,

the basic information needed for loading, procedures for detecting the damage and leaking of

shipments, safety procedures, but in particular:

 Fast identification of shipments and an example of the correct labeling,

 Procedures for detecting substance leakage,

 Safety instructions,

 Transport exclusions table,

 Suitable ULD for transport, suitable handling equipment,

 Instructions for loading and unloading,

 Mixed loading (incompatibility of substances).

Fig. 3 Correct labeling of shipment containing dangerous goods. [5]

9. Documentation – The basic documents used for the transport of dangerous substances by air

transport are:

 AWB – AirWay Bill;

 DGD – Shipper's Declaration of Dangerous Goods;

 NOTOC – Special Load Notification to Captain.

In this chapter these documents should not only be explained, but also examples of correct

completion of these documents should be provided.

Table 3 Example of instructions in the event of an incident with regard to dangerous goods classes.

Source: authors by [4,6]

Contact fire service

Protect yourself from fire

Contact fire service

Protect yourself from fire

Ventilate

Keep min. 25 metres

Ensure adequate ventilation

No smoking and open fire

Wear protective equipment

Handle with care

Ensure injured persons to fresh

air

Remove contamined clothing

If not breathing, revive

Maintain normal body

temperature

Treat injuries

Contact fire service

Protect yourself from fire

DO NOT extinguish with

water in every

circumstances

Isolate leaked substances with

sand

Avoid further leakage

Often ventilate

Ensure injured persons to fresh

air

Remove contamined clothing

If not breathing, revive

Treat injuries

Wash out injury with water for

at least 15 minutes

10. Accidents and incidents – Procedures in the event of accidents and incidents must always

be available at every workplace where dangerous goods are handled. ICAO Annex 14 – Airports, in

particular Chapter 9 – Emergency and other services require that airport authorities must establish

procedures to deal with emergencies related to dangerous goods matters. It is advisable to

incorporate these instructions into methodological procedures, with reference to the ICAO

Guidelines for Emergency Instructions for Air Accidents involving Dangerous Goods, commonly

referred to as the Red Book. The proposed methodological procedures should include all these

provisions, including safety cards with quick instructions for each workplace (Table 3).

4. Discussion

At present, the structure of the methodological procedures is not unified. Airline companies and

handling agents therefore create them with different content, which may be difficult for the

customer, shipper or other business partner to understand and further cooperate.Very different is the

present transport of dangerous goods by the other modes of transport (Table 4). They differ not only

in technology, but also in regulations governing such transport. Air transport is more difficult to

process than the other modes of transport. Differences between modes and their regulations are

primarily for Exempted and Limited quantities (or maximum quantity per unit).

With the publication of the agreements governing the transport of dangerous goods there may

be a number of issues and problems in practice, especially when the company operates several

modes of transport, mainly because of the training of staff and other conditions on staff and safety.

The solution to this problem could be publishing updated methodological procedures annually,

where all these differences will be taken in place. An annual publication of methodological

procedures would not raise problems with updating existing regulations.

Table 4 Comparison of transport of dangerous goods by modes of transport. Source: authors

Pallets, ISO

containers,

tank vehicles

Every 2 years (6-month

transition period)

Pallets, ISO

containers,

tank vehicles

Every 2 years (6-month

transition period)

Every 2 years (both are

valid between each issue)

Every 2 years (6-month

transition period)

If the company also provides intermodal transport, it is necessary to incorporate the conditions

of use of this transport into methodological procedures as well. The advantage of using intermodal

transport of dangerous goods consists mainly in:

 Transport costs reduction;

 Transport time reduction;

 Regular connections,

 Large capacity,

 Safety during the entire transport.

Methodological procedures should include all the information concerning such shipment, what

transport means and equipment will be for such shipments used and under what conditions the

transport of dangerous goods may be carried out by the intermodal transport system [7-11].

5. Conclusion

Air transport is a dynamically developing transport sector. This also applies to the transport of

dangerous goods by air. At present time a number of manuals, guide books, methodological

procedures, guidelines and other publications are being used for this specific shipping, which shall

be followed and incorporated into internal regulations.

The aim of this article is to point out the issue of unconformed general methodological

procedures used in the air transport of dangerous goods. Their release should be conditional on

current legislation and also on consultations with business partners and other parties.

At present, there is a large amount of differences between individual publications regulating the

transport of dangerous goods. Differences arise not only because of the different periods of

publications, but also because of the different technologies used and organizations, that issuing

these regulations.

The development of optimized methodological procedures with a unified structure is therefore

a very complex and slow process. It should include conditions stated by international conventions,

but also internal procedures and specific requirements of others. The procedures should be

harmonized taking into account all types of transport so that they meet all the conditions of all

conventions. The expected result of the streamlining of methodological procedures is to increase the

safety and efficiency of the dangerous goods transport process.

References

[1] Restrictions on the picking up and distribution of packages sent abroad. Retrieved Jun 27,

2017, from https://www.posta.sk/subory/308/obmedzenia-distribucie-balikov-v-

medzinarodnom-styku.pdf

[2] Guide to Shipping Dangerous Goods. Retrieved Jun 27, 2017, form

http://www.dhl.com/en/express/shipping/shipping_advice/dangerous_goods.html

[3] Sending batteries and battery devices. Retrieved Jun 27, 2017, form

https://www.ups.com/content/en/en/resources/ship/packaging/guidelines/batteries.html

[4] Menzies Aviation Dangerous Goods Categories 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 Workbooks. Menzies Aviation,

2017.

[5] Dangerous Goods Regulations 54th Edition. Montreal-Ženeva, 2012. ISBN 978 -92-9233-786-

[6] Emergency Response Guidance for Aircraft Incidents Involving Dangerous Goods 2011-2012

Edition. ICAO Montreal, 2010. ISBN 978-92-9231-156-8.

[7] Jagelčák J., Zámečník J. & Kiktová M. (2017). Potential for intermodal transport of chemical

goods in Slovakia. In 18th International Scientific Conference, LOGI 2017, 19 October 2017.

Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic: E D P SCIENCES.

[8] Jagelčák J., Kiktová M. & Kubáňová, J. (2017). Legislative conditions for intermodal

transport in Slovakia. In 18th International Scientific Conference, LOGI 2017, 19 October

2017. Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic: E D P SCIENCES.

[9] Kubáňová J. & Schmidt, C. (2016). Multimodal and intermodal transportation systems.

Communications: scientific letters of the University of Žilina. 18 (2), 104-108.

[10] Kubasáková, I., Kubáňová, J. & Poliaková, B. (2015). Modelling of opened system in the

road freight transport and its impact on the system characteristics. In Transport Means -

Proceedings of the International Conference, 22-23 October (pp. 405-409). Kaunas, Lithuania:

KAUNAS UNIV TECHNOLOGY PRESS.

[11] Gnap, J. & Kubanova J. (2017). Selected Options for Modelling of Transport Processes

Particularly in Relation to Intermodal Transport. In 18th International Scientific Conference,

LOGI 2017, 19 October 2017. Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic: E D P SCIENCES.

... In this context, it is necessary to indicate the transport of hazardous materials, the release of which generates a particularly high threat to the environment, and in extreme cases may lead to unusually large-scale disasters (including the release of radioactive or biological materials). (Marienka et al. 2018, Skrucany et al. 2018, Chovancova et al. 2018 The above state of affairs also indicates the special importance of effective risk management in the case of the transport of dangerous goods. At the same time, it seems reasonable to state that this applies to road transport, which is primarily due to its particular popularity, both in the context of the general transport processes as well as the very transport of hazardous materials. ...

The main purpose of the paper is to assess the risk associated with the transport of hazardous materials. This goal was achieved by discussing theoretical information on this issue and the results of control of the transport of dangerous goods carried out by the Provincial Road Transport Inspectorate in Poznań in 2015-2017. The analysis showed that the scale of irregularities in the protection of dangerous goods transported, documentation and transport operations was very small. However, other violations were found relatively frequently. Nevertheless, both the total number of infringements found as well as their frequency were low. In relation to the above, it can be stated that the level of risk associated with the transport of hazardous materials in the Wielkopolskie Voivodship in the years 2015-2017 was very small, although the analysis allowed identification of certain areas requiring further improvement.

This article deals with conditions for intermodal transport in Slovakia. The first part of the article describes definition "combined transport" and "intermodal transport". Maximum allowed lengths, axle loads and masses of vehicles and vehicle combinations effective in Slovakia are given in summary figures. In the second part of the paper is described abnormal transport up to 60 tonnes in relation to a combined transport.

Juraj Jagelcak
Jan Zamecnik
Monika Kiktová

This article deals with intermodal transport of chemical goods in Slovak republic. Analysis is based on information from interviews with companies and logistics service providers. The first part of the article describes importance of Intermodal transport and basic transport routes for intermodal transport. Respondents considered advantages and disadvantages of intermodal transport. Possible improvements inside companies and improvements of external framework conditions to promote modal shift are described in the second part of the paper.

The first specialized road-rail combined transport operators were founded by road hauliers, who experienced road capacity bottlenecks and collaborating railways in the late 1960s in Europe. Combined transport is thus the optimal embodiment of the European concept of co-modality, whereby the strengths of both participating modes of transport – road and rail – can best be exploited: the flexibility of road transport in pre- and post- haulage, while the low energy need, safety, speed and reliability of rail transport.

Multimodal and intermodal transportation systems. Communications: scientific letters of the University of Žilina

J Kubáňová
C Schmidt

Kubáňová J. & Schmidt, C. (2016). Multimodal and intermodal transportation systems. Communications: scientific letters of the University of Žilina. 18 (2), 104-108.

Modelling of opened system in the road freight transport and its impact on the system characteristics

I Kubasáková
J Kubáňová
B Poliaková

Kubasáková, I., Kubáňová, J. & Poliaková, B. (2015). Modelling of opened system in the road freight transport and its impact on the system characteristics. In Transport Means -Proceedings of the International Conference, 22-23 October (pp. 405-409). Kaunas, Lithuania: KAUNAS UNIV TECHNOLOGY PRESS.

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Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329713499_Design_of_Methodological_Procedures_for_the_Handling_and_Transport_of_Dangerous_Goods_by_Air